A neighborhood in Cambodia is a
global hotspot for the child sex trade. The people selling the
children? Too often, their parents. CNN Freedom Project and Mira
Sorvino, award-winning actress and human rights activist, investigate.
By Tim Hume, Lisa Cohen and Mira Sorvino
Photography by Jeremie Montessuis for CNN
Photography by Jeremie Montessuis for CNN
Phnom Penh, Cambodia (CNN)
When a poor
family in Cambodia fell afoul of loan sharks, the mother asked her
youngest daughter to take a job. But not just any job.
The girl, Kieu, was taken to a hospital and
examined by a doctor, who issued her a "certificate of virginity." She
was then delivered to a hotel, where a man raped her for two days.
Kieu was 12 years old.
"I did not know what the job was," says Kieu, now
14 and living in a safehouse. She says she returned home from the
experience "very heartbroken." But her ordeal was not over.
After the sale of her virginity, her mother had Kieu taken to a brothel where, she says, "they held me like I was in prison."
She was kept there for three days, raped by three
to six men a day. When she returned home, her mother sent her away for
stints in two other brothels, including one 400 kilometers away on the
Thai border. When she learned her mother was planning to sell her again,
this time for a six-month stretch, she realized she needed to flee her
home.
"Selling my daughter was heartbreaking, but what
can I say?" says Kieu's mother, Neoung, in an interview with a CNN crew
that travelled to Phnom Penh to hear her story.
Cambodia's hidden child brothels
Karaoke bars are a common front for child prostitution. Mira Sorvino details going behind the scenes of this illicit trade.
Like other local mothers CNN spoke to, she blames
poverty for her decision to sell her daughter, saying a financial crisis
drove her into the clutches of the traffickers who make their
livelihoods preying on Cambodian children.
"It was because of the debt, that's why I had to
sell her," she says. "I don't know what to do now, because we cannot
move back to the past."
It is this aspect of Cambodia's appalling child sex
trade that Don Brewster, a 59-year-old American resident of the
neighborhood, finds most difficult to countenance.
"I can't imagine what it feels like to have your
mother sell you, to have your mother waiting in the car while she gets
money for you to be raped," he says. "It's not that she was stolen from
her mother -- her mother gave the keys to the people to rape her."
Brewster, a former pastor, moved from California to
Cambodia with wife Bridget in 2009, after a harrowing investigative
mission trip to the neighborhood where Kieu grew up -- Svay Pak, the
epicenter of child trafficking in the Southeast Asian nation.
"Svay Pak is known around the world as a place
where pedophiles come to get little girls," says Brewster, whose
organization, Agape International Missions (AIM), has girls as young as
four in its care, rescued from traffickers and undergoing rehabilitation
in its safehouses.
In recent decades, he says, this impoverished
fishing village – where a daughter's virginity is too often seen as a
valuable asset for the family – has become a notorious child sex
hotspot.
"When we came here three years ago and began to
live here, 100% of the kids between 8 and 12 were being trafficked,"
says Brewster. The local sex industry sweeps up both children from the
neighborhood -- sold, like Kieu, by their parents – as well as children
trafficked in from the countryside, or across the border from Vietnam.
"We didn't believe it until we saw vanload after vanload of kids."
Global center for pedophiles
Weak law enforcement, corruption, grinding poverty
and the fractured social institutions left by the country's turbulent
recent history have helped earn Cambodia an unwelcome reputation for
child trafficking, say experts.
UNICEF estimates that children account for a third of the 40,000-100,000 people in the country's sex industry.
Svay Pak, a dusty shantytown on the outskirts of the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh, is at the heart of this exploitative trade.
As one of the most disadvantaged neighborhoods in
one of Asia's poorest countries – nearly half the population lives on
less than $2 per day -- the poverty in the settlement is overwhelming.
The residents are mostly undocumented Vietnamese migrants, many of whom
live in ramshackle houseboats on the murky Tonle Sap River, eking out a
living farming fish in nets tethered to their homes.
Svay Pak, an impoverished neighborhood on the outskirts of Phnom
Penh, is the epicenter of Cambodia's child sex trade. Many of its
residents are undocumented Vietnamese migrants, living in a community of
ramshackle houseboats connected by rickety walkways.
It's a precarious existence. The river is fickle,
the tarp-covered houseboats fragile. Most families here scrape by on
less than a dollar a day, leaving no safety net for when things go wrong
– such as when Kieu's father fell seriously ill with tuberculosis, too
sick to maintain the nets that contained their livelihood. The family
fell behind on repayments of a debt.
In desperation, Kieu's mother, Neoung, sold her
virginity to a Cambodian man of "maybe more than 50," who had three
children of his own, Kieu says. The transaction netted the family only
$500, more than the $200 they had initially borrowed but a lot less than
the thousands of dollars they now owed a loan shark.
So Neoung sent her daughter to a brothel to earn more.
"They told me when the client is there, I have to
wear short shorts and a skimpy top," says Kieu. "But I didn't want to
wear them and then I got blamed." Her clients were Thai and Cambodian
men, who, she says, knew she was very young.
Don Brewster, a former pastor from California, is the founder and
director of Agape International Missions, an organization dedicated to
rescuing and rehabilitating the victims of child trafficking in Cambodia
and smashing the networks that exploit them. He moved to Cambodia with
his wife in 2009 after a harrowing investigative mission trip to the
neighborhood.
"When they sleep with me, they feel very happy," she says. "But for me, I feel very bad."
The men who abuse the children of Svay Pak fit a
number of profiles. They include pedophile sex tourists, who actively
seek out sex with prepubescent children, and more opportunistic
"situational" offenders, who take advantage of opportunities in brothels
to have sex with adolescents.
Sex tourists tend to hail from affluent countries,
including the West, South Korea, Japan and China, but research suggests
Cambodian men remain the main exploiters of child prostitutes in their
country.
Mark Capaldi is a senior researcher for Ecpat
International, an organization committed to combating the sexual
exploitation of children.
"In most cases when we talk about child sexual
exploitation, it's taking place within the adult sex industry," says
Capaldi. "We tend to often hear reports in the media about pedophilia,
exploitation of very young children. But the majority of sexual
exploitation of children is of adolescents, and that's taking place in
commercial sex venues."
The abusers would often be local, situational
offenders, he says. Research suggests some of the Asian perpetrators are
"virginity seekers," for whom health-related beliefs around the
supposedly restorative or protective qualities of virgins factor into
their interest in child sex.
Whatever the profile of the perpetrator, the abuse
they inflict on their victims, both girls and boys, is horrific.
Trafficked children in Cambodia have been subjected to rape by multiple
offenders, filmed performing sex acts and left with physical injuries
-- not to mention psychological trauma -- from their ordeals, according
to research.
In recent years, various crackdowns in Svay Pak
have dented the trade, but also pushed it underground. Today, Brewster
says, there are more than a dozen karaoke bars operating as brothels
along the road to the neighborhood, where two years ago there was none.
Even today, he estimates a majority of girls in Svay Park are being
trafficked.
Virgins for sale
Kieu's relative, Sephak, who lives nearby, is
another survivor. (CNN is naming the victims in this case at the request
of the girls themselves, as they want to speak out against the practice
of child sex trafficking.)
Sephak was 13 when she was taken to a hospital,
issued a certificate confirming her virginity, and delivered to a
Chinese man in a Phnom Penh hotel room. She was returned after three
nights. Sephak says her mother was paid $800.
"When I had sex with him, I felt empty inside. I
hurt and I felt very weak," she says. "It was very difficult. I thought
about why I was doing this and why my mom did this to me." After her
return, her mother began pressuring her daughter to work in a brothel.
Toha listens to her mother explain how she came to sell her to sex
traffickers. She no longer lives with her family, opting instead to
live in a residence for trafficking survivors run by Brewster's
organization -- but still provides her family some financial support
from her new job.
Not far away from Sephak's family home, connected
to the shore via a haphazard walkway of planks that dip beneath the
water with each footfall, is the houseboat where Toha grew up.
The second of eight children, none of whom attend
school, Toha was sold for sex by her mother when she was 14. The
transaction followed the same routine: medical certificate, hotel, rape.
About two weeks after she returned to Svay Pak, she
says, the man who had bought her virginity began calling, requesting to
see her again. Her mother urged her to go. The pressure drove her to
despair.
"I went to the bathroom and cut my arms. I cut my
wrists because I wanted to kill myself," Toha says. A friend broke down
the door to the bathroom and came to her aid.
Mothers as sex traffickers
CNN met with the mothers of Kieu, Sephak and Toha
in Svay Pak to hear their accounts of why they chose to expose their
daughters to sexual exploitation.
Kieu's mother, Neoung, had come to Svay Pak from
the south of the country in search of a better life when Kieu was just a
baby. But life in Svay Pak, she would learn, wasn't easy.
Why Cambodia?
How has this Southeast Asian nation become a hotspot for pedophiles? Poverty, corruption and a brutal reign of terror have all played a part in making Cambodian children vulnerable to adult predators.
When her husband's tuberculosis rendered him too
sick to properly maintain the nets on the family's fish pond, the family
took on a $200 loan at extortionate rates from a loan shark. It has now
ballooned to more than $9,000. "The debt that my husband and I have is
too big, we can't pay it off," she says. "What can you do in a situation
like this?"
"Virginity selling" was widespread in the
community, and Neoung saw it as a legitimate option to make some income.
"They think it is normal," she says. "I told her, 'Kieu, your dad is
sick and can't work… Do you agree to do that job to contribute to your
parents?'"
"I know that I did wrong so I feel regret about it, but what can I do?" she says. "We cannot move back to the past."
But she adds she would never do it again.
Sephak's mother, Ann, has a similar story. Ann
moved to Svay Pak when her father came to work as a fish farmer. She and
her husband have serious health problems.
"We are very poor, so I must work hard," she says. "It's still not enough to live by and we're sick all the time."
The family fell on hard times. When a storm roared
through the region, their house was badly damaged, their fish got away,
and they could no longer afford to eat. In crisis, the family took out a
loan that eventually spiraled to about $6000 in debt, she says.
With money-lenders coming to her home and
threatening her, Ann made the decision to take up an offer from a woman
who approached her promising big money for her daughter's virginity.
"I saw other people doing it and I didn't think it
through," she says. "If I knew then what I know now, I wouldn't do that
to my daughter."
On her houseboat, as squalls of rain lash the
river, Toha's mother Ngao sits barefoot before the television taking
pride of place in the main living area, and expresses similar regrets.
On the wall hangs a row of digitally enhanced portraits of her husband
and eight children. They are dressed in smart suits and dresses,
superimposed before an array of fantasy backdrops: an expensive
motorcycle, a tropical beach, an American-style McMansion.
Life with so many children is hard, she says, so she asked her daughter to go with the men.
She would not do the same again, she says, as she
now has access to better support; Agape International Missions offers
interest-free loan refinancing to get families out of the debt trap, and
factory jobs for rescued daughters and their mothers.
For the children: Mira's journal
Mira Sorvino details her week spent in Cambodia with the CNN Freedom Project meeting victims, government officials and activists working to end child sex trafficking. Read more »
The news of Ngao's betrayal of her daughter has
drawn mixed responses from others in the neighborhood, she says. Some
mock her for offering up her daughter, others sympathize with her
plight. Some see nothing wrong with she did at all.
"Some people say 'It's OK -- just bring your
daughter (to the traffickers) so you can pay off the debt and feel
better,'" says Ngao.
A new future
Not long after her suicide attempt, Toha was sent
to a brothel in southern Cambodia. She endured more than 20 days there,
before she managed to get access to a phone, and called a friend. She
told the friend to contact Brewster's group, who arranged for a raid on
the establishment.
Although children can be found in many brothels
across Cambodia -- a 2009 survey of 80 Cambodian commercial sex premises
found three-quarters offering children for sex – raids to free them are
infrequent.
The country's child protection infrastructure is
weak, with government institutions riven with corruption. Cambodia's
anti-trafficking law does not even permit police to conduct undercover
surveillance on suspected traffickers. General Pol Phie They, the head
of Cambodia's anti-trafficking taskforce set up in 2007 to address the
issue, says this puts his unit at a disadvantage against traffickers.
"We are still limited in prosecuting these
violations because first, we lack the expertise and second, we lack the
technical equipment," he says. "Sometimes, we see a violation but we
can't collect the evidence we need to prosecute the offender."
He admits that police corruption in his country,
ranked 160 of 175 countries on Transparency International's Corruption
Perceptions Index, is hampering efforts to tackle the trade in Svay Pak.
"Police in that area probably do have connections with the brothel
owners," he concedes.
Toha's nightmare is now over. She earns a steady income, weaving
bracelets that are sold in American stores, while she studies for her
future. Her dream is to become a social worker, helping other girls who
have been through the same ordeal.
Brewster believes that corruption was to blame for
nearly thwarting Toha's rescue. In October 2012, after Toha's call for
help, AIM formulated plans with another organization to rescue the teen,
and involved police.
"We get a warrant to shut the place down," recalls
Brewster. "Fifteen minutes later, Toha calls and says, 'I don't know
what happened, the police just came with the owner and took us to a new
place. I'm locked inside and don't know where I am.'"
Fortunately the rescue team were able to establish
Toha's new location, and she and other victims were freed and the
brothel managers arrested – although not before the owners fled to
Vietnam.
Toha's testimony against the brothel managers, however, resulted in their prosecutions.
Last month, at the Phnom Penh Municipal Courthouse,
husband and wife Heng Vy and Nguyeng Thi Hong were found guilty of
procuring prostitution and sentenced to three years in jail. Both were
ordered to pay $1,250 to the court, $5,000 to Toha, and smaller sums to
three other victims.
Brewster was in court to watch the sentencing; a
small victory in the context of Cambodia's child trafficking problem,
but a victory nonetheless.
"Toha's an amazingly brave girl," he says on the
courthouse steps, shortly after the brothel managers were led down to
the cells.
"Getting a telephone when she's trapped in a
brothel to call for help, to saying she would be a witness in front of
the police…. She stood up and now people are going to pay the price and
girls will be protected. What it will do is bring more Tohas, more girls
who are willing to speak, places shut down, bad guys put away."
Like the other victims, Toha now lives in an AIM
safehouse, attending school and supporting herself by weaving bracelets,
which are sold in stores in the West as a way of providing a livelihood
to formerly trafficked children.
In the eyes of the community, having a job has
helped restore to the girls some of the dignity that was stripped from
them by having been sold into trafficking, says Brewster.
It has also given them independence from their
families -- and with that, the opportunity to build for themselves a
better reality than the one that was thrust on them. Now Sephak has
plans to become a teacher, Kieu a hairdresser.
For her part, Toha still has contact with her
mother – even providing financial support to the family through her
earnings – but has become self-reliant. She wants to be a social worker,
she says, helping girls who have endured the same hell she has.
"(Toha)'s earning a good living and she has a dream
beyond that, you know, to become a counselor and to be able to help
other girls," says Brewster. "You see the transformation that's happened
to her."
